Associations between trunk-to-peripheral fat ratio and cardiometabolic risk factors in elderly Japanese men: baseline data from the Fujiwara-kyo Osteoporosis Risk in Men (FORMEN) study

BACKGROUND@#Body mass-independent parameters might be more appropriate for assessing cardiometabolic abnormalities than weight-dependent indices in Asians who have relatively high visceral adiposity but low body fat. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-measured trunk-to-peripheral fat ratio is one such body mass-independent index. However, there are no reports on relationships between DXA-measured regional fat ratio and cardiometabolic risk factors targeting elderly Asian men.@*METHODS@#We analyzed cross-sectional data of 597 elderly men who participated in the baseline survey of the Fujiwara-kyo Osteoporosis Risk in Men (FORMEN) study, a community-based single-center prospective cohort study conducted in Japan. Whole-body fat and regional fat were measured with a DXA scanner. Trunk-to-appendicular fat ratio (TAR) was calculated as trunk fat divided by appendicular fat (sum of arm and leg fat), and trunk-to-leg fat ratio (TLR) as trunk fat divided by leg fat.@*RESULTS@#Both TAR and TLR in the group of men who used ≥ 1 medication for hypertension, dyslipidemia, or diabetes ("user group"; N = 347) were significantly larger than those who did not use such medication ("non-user group"; N = 250) (P < 0.05). After adjusting for potential confounding factors including whole-body fat, both TAR and TLR were significantly associated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, fasting serum insulin, and the insulin resistance index in the non-user group and non-overweight men in the non-user group (N = 199).@*CONCLUSION@#The trunk-to-peripheral fat ratio was associated with cardiometabolic risk factors independently of whole-body fat mass. Parameters of the fat ratio may be useful for assessing cardiometabolic risk factors, particularly in underweight to normal-weight populations.

Dimorfismo sexual de la leptina, resistencia a la insulina y composición corporal en prepúberes normopeso / Leptin sexual dimorphism, insulin resistance, and body composition in normal weight prepubescent

INTRODUCCIÓN: La etapa prepuberal es un periodo crítico del desarrollo de la grasa corporal, en el cual la leptina y la resistencia a la insulina han sido asociados, sin embargo, hay pocos estudios en prepúberes normo- peso. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la relación de leptina con composición corporal y resistencia a la insulina en un grupo de prepúberes normopeso. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Estudio transversal analítico en 128 pre púberes saludables, normopeso, entre 6 y 10 años. Se midieron, talla, peso, índice de masa corporal (IMC), porcentaje de grasa corporal (PGC), perímetro abdominal (PA) y perímetro de cadera (PC). Se determinó leptina (ng/ml) e Insulina (μU/L) en plasma por inmunoensayo y glicemia (mmol/L) por método enzimático. Se calculó HOMA-IR. Se hizo análisis de comparación y de correlación por sexo. RESULTADOS: Se confirmó en niñas un mayor nivel de leptina (6,8 ± 5 vs 3,3 ± 3,7; p = 0,000), insulina (7,1 ± 4,5 vs 5,2 ± 2,5; p = 0,016), PGC (22,4 ± 4,3 vs 18,6 ± 3,9; p = 0,000) y PC (67 ± 5,7 vs 65,0 ± 4,5; p = 0,019), y un menor índice cintura/cadera (0,84 ± 0,04 vs 0,88 ± 0,04; p = 0,000) comparado con varones. Las correlaciones de leptina con variables antropométricas fueron signifi cantes en ambos sexos, con mayor asociación en sexo femenino. La asociación del HOMA-IR con la leptina fue similar en ambos sexos. CONCLUSIONES: En prepúberes normopeso de 6 a 10 años, hay diferencias por sexo en adiposidad y en niveles de leptina, no asociadas con diferencias en el IMC ni en la resistencia a la insulina. La mayor asociación de leptina con adiposidad en las niñas podría estar relacionada con una elevada tasa de adipogénesis inducida por esta hormona.

INTRODUCTION: The prepubertal stage is a critical period of body fat development, in which leptin and insulin re sistance has been associated, however, there are few studies in normal-weight prepubescents. OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between leptin and body composition and insulin resistance in a group of normal-weight prepubescents. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Analytical cross-sectional study with 128 healthy prepubescents of normal weight, aged between 6 and 10 years. Height, weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BFP), waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference (HC) were measured. Plasma leptin (ng/mL) and insulin (mU/L) were evaluated by immunoassay and glycemia (mmol/L) by enzymatic method. HOMA-IR was calculated. A comparison study and correlation analysis by sex were performed. RESULTS: Females presented higher values than males of leptin (6.8 ± 5 vs 3.3 ± 3.7; p = 0.000), insulin (7.1 ± 4.5 vs 5.2 ± 2.5; p = 0.016), BFP (22.4 ± 4.3 vs 18.6 ± 3.9; p = 0.000), and HC (67 ± 5.7 vs 65.0 ± 4.5; p = 0.019), and a lower waist/hip ratio (0.84 ± 0.04 vs 0.88 ± 0.04; p = 0.000). Leptin correlations with anthropometric variables were significant in both sexes, with greater association in females. The association of HOMA-IR with leptin was similar in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: in normal-weight prepubescents aged between 6-10 years, there are sex differences in adiposity and leptin levels not associated with differences in BMI or insulin resistance. The greater association of leptin with adiposity in girls could be related to a high rate of adipogenesis induced by this hormone.

Elevated leptin levels in healthy climacteric women from Northeastern Brazil: an effect of age or adiposity?

ABSTRACT Objective Climacterium is associated with elevated leptin levels and increased risk of cardiovascular disorders. Conflicting data diverge on whether high leptin levels in climacterium reflect increasing adipose mass or, at least partially, age-related hormonal changes. This study addresses this issue in women from a Brazilian state with a low human development index. Subjects and methods A case-control study was conducted, enrolling 136 women from the state of Maranhão, 52 (38.2%) climacteric and 84 (61.8%) non-climacteric. Biometric, biochemical, hormonal and immunological parameters were analyzed. Results Climacteric women showed a moderately increased waist/hip ratio (0.894 versus 0.834, p < 0.05), sustained body mass index (27.46 versus 28.68, p > 0.05) increased leptin levels (9.59 versus 7.13, p < 0.05) and no evidence of metabolic syndrome. No other parameters were altered. The climacteric cohort didn't show significant body fat gains but displayed a typical age-related redistribution of adipose tissue. Even so, leptin levels were significantly elevated compared with non-climacteric women. Conclusions Altogether, these data support the hypothesis that leptin is elevated, at least partially, as a function of age and climacterium and is not necessarily correlated with metabolic dysfunction and systemic inflammation. Further studies are needed to evaluate the impact of higher leptin levels on postmenopausal women. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2020;64(3):276-81

Muscular resistance, hypertrophy and strength training equally reduce adiposity, inflammation and insulin resistance in mice with diet-induced obesity / Exercícios físicos de resistência, hipertrofia e força muscular reduzem igualmente adiposidade, inflamação e resistência à insulina em camundongos obesos por dieta hiperlipídica

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the effect of three types of muscular resistance training on adiposity, inflammation levels and insulin activity in Swiss mice with fat-rich diet-induced obesity. Methods Lean and obese male Swiss mice were selected and allocated to one of eight groups comprising eight mice each, as follows: standard diet + no training; standard diet + muscular resistance training; standard diet + hypertrophy training; standard diet + strength training; high-fat diet + no training; high-fat diet + muscular resistance training; high-fat diet + hypertrophy training; high-fat diet + strength training. The training protocol consisted of stair climbing for a 10-week period. Blood samples were collected for lactate analysis, glucose level measurement and insulin tolerance test. After euthanasia, adipose tissues were removed and weighed for adiposity index determination. Fragments of epididymal adipose tissue were then embedded for histological analysis or homogenized for tumor necrosis factor alpha level determination using the ELISA method. Results Ausency of differences in total training volume and blood lactate levels overall emphasize the similarity between the different resistance training protocols. Body weight loss, reduced adipocyte area and lower adiposity index were observed in trained obese mice, regardless of training modality. Different training protocols also improved insulin sensitivity and reduced inflammation levels. Conclusion Resistance training protocols were equally effective in reducing body fat, inflammation levels and insulin resistance in obese mice.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar os efeitos de três tipos de treinamentos de resistência na adiposidade, na inflamação e na ação da insulina em camundongos Swiss obesos por dieta hiperlipídica. Métodos Camundongos Swiss machos magros e obesos foram selecionados e posteriormente separados em oito grupos com oito animais em cada: dieta padrão + não treinado; dieta padrão + treinamento de resistência muscular; dieta padrão + treinamento de hipertrofia; dieta padrão + treinamento de força; dieta hiperlipídica + não treinado; dieta hiperlipídica + treinamento de resistência muscular; dieta hiperlipídica + treinamento de hipertrofia; e dieta hiperlipídica + treinamento de força. O protocolo de treinamento consistiu em escaladas, por um período de 10 semanas. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para análises de lactato, glicemia e teste de tolerância à insulina. Após eutanásia, os tecidos adiposos foram retirados e pesados para determinar o índice de adiposidade. Em seguida, parte do tecido adiposo epididimal foi emblocado para análises histológicas, e outra parte foi homogeneizada para análises de fator de necrose tumoral alfa por ELISA. Resultados O volume total de treinamento e a concentração sanguínea de lactato não diferiram entre os três treinos resistidos, sugerindo similaridade entre eles. Nos animais obesos, as três modalidades de treinamento reduziram o peso corporal, a área adipocitária e o índice de adiposidade. Os três tipos de treinamentos ainda melhoraram a tolerância à insulina e reduziram a inflamação. Conclusão Os protocolos de treinamento resistido foram igualmente efetivos em reduzir a adiposidade, a inflamação e a resistência à ação da insulina em camundongos obesos.

Tracking of cardiorespiratory fitness from childhood to early adolescence: moderation effect of somatic maturation / Tracking da aptidão cardiorrespiratória da infância para a adolescência: moderação pela maturação biológica

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate cardiorespiratory fitness' tracking from childhood to adolescence, as well as to test the moderation role of somatic maturation. Methods: Our sample was composed by 375 children (197 boys), with a baseline age between 7 and 10 years old. The children were followed-up over three years. Body mass and stature were measured as anthropometric indicators and were used to estimate maturity status through Moore's method. Cardiorespiratory fitness was evaluated through 9-minute running test. Body adiposity was estimated through the subcutaneous skinfold method, with measures of triceps and subscapular skinfolds and used as a covariate. Sample was categorized into tertiles. Thereafter, the Kappa (k) coefficient and Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (LCCC) tests were adopted to verify stability. Dummy variable in regression was used to test moderation effects. All analyses were conducted in Stata 14.0, adopting p<0.05. Results: Cardiorespiratory fitness presented a moderate to low tracking from childhood to adolescence (k=0.294; LCCC=0.458). Moreover, maturity status significantly moderated the association between cardiorespiratory fitness at childhood and adolescence (regardless of cohort and body adiposity) among boys (β=0.644; p=0.003) and role sample (β=0.184; p=0.020), but not girls (-0.217; p=0.413). Conclusions: Tracking of cardiorespiratory fitness from childhood to adolescence is moderate to low in both sexes. Moreover, maturity status moderated the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness at baseline and in adolescence. A lower age at peak height velocity was associated to a greater cardiorespiratory fitness.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o tracking da aptidão cardiorrespiratória da infância à adolescência, bem como testar a via de moderação pela maturação somática. Métodos: A amostra foi composta de 375 crianças (197 meninos), com idades entre 7 e 10 anos na linha de base. Os sujeitos foram acompanhados por três anos. Massa corporal e estatura foram mensuradas como indicadores antropométricos e usadas para estimar a maturação somática pelo método de Moore. Aptidão cardiorrespiratória foi avaliada pelo teste de 9 minutos de corrida. Adiposidade corporal foi estimada pelo método de dobras subcutâneas, com medidas das dobras tricipital e subescapular, além de ter sido utilizada como covariável. A amostra foi categorizada em tercis, e então o coeficiente Kappa (k) e o coeficiente de correlação de concordância de Lin (LCCC) foram adotados para verificar estabilidade. Foram criadas variáveis dummy nas regressões para estimar o efeito de moderação. Todas as análises foram conduzidas no Stata 14.0, adotando p<0,05. Resultados: A aptidão cardiorrespiratória apresentou tracking baixo a moderado da infância para a adolescência (k=0,294; LCCC=0,458). Além disso, o status de maturação moderou significativamente a associação entre aptidão cardiorrespiratória na infância e adolescência (independentemente da coorte e adiposidade) em meninos (β=0,644; p<0,003) e na amostra total (β=0,184; p<0,020), mas não em meninas (-0,217; p=0,413). Conclusões: O tracking da aptidão cardiorrespiratória da infância à adolescência é baixo a moderado em ambos os sexos. Ainda, o estado maturacional moderou a associação entre aptidão cardiorrespiratória na infância e adolescência. Menor idade do pico de velocidade de crescimento foi associada à maior aptidão cardiorrespiratória.

Adiposity, inflammation and fat-soluble vitamins in adolescents / Adiposidade, inflamação e vitaminas lipossolúveis em adolescentes

Abstract Objective: Evaluate the association between inflammatory process, adiposity, and vitamins A, D, and E in adolescents, according to gender. Methods: Cross-sectional study with adolescents aged 12-19 years old of both genders attending public schools in Recife. A questionnaire was used to collect data on socioeconomic level, lifestyle, and food intake of adolescents. Then, an anthropometric evaluation and a blood sampling were performed to analyze serum concentrations of α-1-acid glycoprotein, retinol, β-carotene, α-tocopherol, and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D. Results: The levels of α-1-acid glycoprotein were higher for abdominal obesity in both genders. Male adolescents with insufficient serum α-tocopherol levels had low levels of α-1-acid glycoprotein (p = 0.03) and an increased risk of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D and β-carotene deficiency in relation to total and abdominal fat; female adolescents had an increased risk of insufficient β-carotene with abdominal obesity (PR: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.2-1.5). Conclusion: Abdominal adiposity implies a higher risk of inflammation and causes different changes to the levels of fat-soluble vitamins according to gender.

Resumo: Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre processo inflamatório, adiposidade e as vitaminas A, D e E em adolescentes, segundo o sexo. Métodos: Estudo transversal com adolescentes de 12 a 19 anos de ambos os sexos de escolas públicas de Recife. Foi utilizado um questionário para coleta de dados socioeconômicos, de estilo de vida e de consumo alimentar dos adolescentes. Em seguida, realizou-se a avalição antropométrica e coleta de sangue para análise das concentrações séricas de α-1-glicoproteína ácida, retinol, β-caroteno, α-tocoferol e 25-hidroxivitamina D. Resultados: Os níveis de α-1-glicoproteína ácida foram maiores na obesidade abdominal de ambos os sexos. Os meninos com níveis séricos insuficientes de α-tocoferol expressaram níveis reduzidos de α-1-glicoproteína ácida (p = 0,03) e apresentaram um maior risco de deficiência de 25-hidroxivitamina D e β-caroteno na adiposidade total e abdominal, enquanto as meninas mostraram maior risco de insuficiência de β-caroteno com a obesidade abdominal (RP 1,33; IC 95% 1,2-1,5). Conclusão: A adiposidade abdominal reflete maior risco de inflamação e causa alterações distintas nas concentrações das vitaminas lipossolúveis, de acordo com o sexo.

Body composition indices in Brazilian adults: age-specific and sex-specific percentile curves

ABSTRACT Objective To establish percentile curves for measures and indices of body composition by age and sex and compare them with data from other ethnic groups. Subjects and methods Cross-sectional, population-based study with adults aged 20-59 years (n = 689). Percentile curves adjusted by a third degree polynomial function were constructed for skeletal mass index (SMI), fat mass index, body fat, and load-capacity metabolic indices (LCMI) based on dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results SMIweight and SMIBMI showed decline from the third decade of life in both sexes, whereas SMIheight was not able to identify lean mass loss over the ages studied. There was a slight drop at the end of the fifth decade (50-59 years) in men. Among Americans and Chinese, the 50th percentile curve of SMIheight showed an earlier decline. The estimates of adiposity and LCMI curves peaked between 40-49 years and Americans and Chinese maintained an upward curve throughout adulthood. Conclusion The data and curves showed that the SMI adjusted for BMI and body weight were more adequate in detecting the decline of lean mass in adults due to aging. In contrast, SMIheight had a positive correlation with age and its curve increased throughout the evaluated age groups. The results contribute to the evaluation to the nutritional status of adults and to the prevention and treatment of outcomes related to adiposity and deficit lean mass.

¿Existe asociación entre asma y adiposidad en la población adulta chilena? / Association between adiposity and asthma

Background: In people with asthma, adiposity is associated with more symptoms and less control of the disease whereas on those without asthma adiposity is associated with a higher risk of developing the disease. Aim: To investigate the association between asthma and adiposity markers in Chilean adults. Material and Methods: Data from 5,499 adults older than 15-years-old from the Chilean National Health Survey 20162017 were analyzed. Quintiles of body-mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were used as a proxy of adiposity. The association between asthma and quintiles of BMI and WC was determined by logistic regression. Results: A higher BMI and WC was associated with a higher odds for asthma. This trend remained significant even after adjusting the models for socio-demographic factors, physical activity and smoking (Odds Ratio [OR] BMI: 1.13 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.04; 1.22], p < 0.01 and OR WC: 1.15 [95% IC: 1.06; 1.25], p < 0.01). Conclusions: A higher BMI and WC were positively associated with asthma.

Relación entre adiposidad corporal y presión arterial en niños y adolescentes con enfermedades reumáticas / Relationship between body adiposity and blood pressure in children and adolescents with rheumatic diseases

Introducción: las enfermedades reumáticas son un grupo de afecciones que se caracterizan por la presencia, generalmente, de dolor, inflamación, deformidad, discapacidad funcional y disminución de la percepción de calidad de vida relacionada con la salud. Las complicaciones cardiovasculares son frecuentes en el curso de estas enfermedades; los trastornos nutricionales pueden ser causa o consecuencia de estas complicaciones. Objetivo: determinar la relación existente entre adiposidad corporal y presión arterial en niños y adolescentes con enfermedades reumáticas. Metodos: estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal en 45 pacientes con enfermedades reumáticas diagnosticadas según los criterios del American College of Reumathology. Se utilizó la técnica de bioimpedancia para determinar el porcentaje de grasa corporal e índice de correlación de Pearson para determinar relación entre variable. Resultados: promedio de edad de 12,26 ± 8,74 años, predominio de pacientes femeninas (68,69 por ciento) y entre 15 y 18 años de edad (42,22 por ciento). La enfermedad reumática más representada fue la artritis idiopática juvenil (46,67 por ciento). Predominaron los pacientes con aumento del porcentaje de grasa, donde el sobrepeso (44,44 por ciento) y la obesidad (20,0 por ciento) fueron los más representados. El 20,0 por ciento de los pacientes incluidos en la investigación presentaron alteraciones de la presión arterial con predominio en pacientes obesos (33,33 por ciento) y con sobrepeso (20,0 por ciento). Conclusiones: Mantener un adecuado control de la adiposidad corporal disminuye considerablemente la posibilidad de aparición de trastornos de la presión arterial. La bioimpedancia eléctrica es un método de fácil aplicación y de comprobada efectividad para determinar el porcentaje de grasa(AU)

Introduction: rheumatic diseases are a group of conditions that are characterized by the presence, usually, of pain, inflammation, deformity, functional disability and decreased perception of quality of life related to health. Cardiovascular complications are frequent in the course of these diseases; Nutritional disorders may be the cause or consequence of these complications. Objective: to determine the relationship between body adiposity and blood pressure in children and adolescents with rheumatic diseases. Methodology: descriptive, cross-sectional study in 45 patients with rheumatic diseases diagnosed according to the criteria of the American College of Reumathology. The bioimpedance technique was used to determine the percentage of body fat and Pearson's correlation index to determine the relationship between variables. Results: average age of 12.26 ± 8.74 years, predominance of female patients (68.69 percent) and between 15 and 18 years of age (42.22 percent). The most represented rheumatic disease was juvenile idiopathic arthritis (46.67 percent). Patients with increased fat percentage predominated, where overweight (44.44 percent) and obesity (20.0 percent) were the most represented. 20.0 percent of the patients included in the investigation presented alterations in blood pressure, predominantly in obese patients (33.33 percent) and overweight (20.0 percent). Conclusions: Maintaining adequate control of body adiposity considerably reduces the possibility of the appearance of blood pressure disorders. The electric bioimpedance is a method of easy application and proven effectiveness to determine the percentage of fat(AU)

Association of breastfeeding, maternal anthropometry and body composition in women at 30 years of age / Associação entre aleitamento materno, antropometria e composição corporal em mulheres de 30 anos de idade / Asociación entre lactancia materna, antropometría y composición corporal en mujeres con 30 años de edad

This study aimed at assessing the association of breastfeeding with maternal body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, fat mass index, fat free mass index, android/gynoid fat ratio and bone mineral density. In 1982, the maternity hospitals in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, were daily visited and all live births were identified and examined. These subjects underwent follow-up for several times. At 30 years of age, the participants were interviewed and examined. Parous women provided information on parity and duration of breastfeeding. Multiple linear regression was used in the multivariate analysis, controlling for genomic ancestry, family income, schooling and smoking at 2004-2005. After controlling for confounding factors, breastfeeding was inversely associated with BMI and fat mass index, whereas breastfeeding per live birth was negatively associated with BMI, waist circumference and fat mass index. Women who had had a child in the last 5 years and had breastfed, showed lower BMI (β = -2.12, 95%CI: -4.2; -0.1), waist circumference (β = -4.46, 95%CI: -8.3; -0.6) and fat mass index (β = -1.79, 95%CI: -3.3; -0.3), whereas no association was observed among those whose last childbirth was > 5 years, but the p-value for the tests of interaction were > 0.05. Our findings suggest that breastfeeding is associated with lower BMI and other adiposity measures, mostly in the first years after delivery. Besides that, it has no negative impact on bone mineral density.

Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a associação entre aleitamento materno e índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência da cintura, índice de massa gorda, índice de massa magra, razão de gordura andróide/ginóide e densidade mineral óssea maternos. Em 1982, as maternidades de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, foram visitadas diariamente e todos os nascidos vivos foram identificados e examinados. Essas pessoas foram seguidas em diversos momentos. Aos 30 anos de idade, as participantes foram entrevistadas e examinadas. As que haviam dado à luz forneceram informação sobre paridade e duração do aleitamento materno. Usamos regressão múltipla linear na análise multivariada, controlando por ancestralidade genômica, renda familiar, escolaridade e tabagismo em 2004-2005. Após controlar por fatores de confundimento, o aleitamento materno estava inversamente associado ao IMC e índice de massa gorda, enquanto o aleitamento materno por nascido vivo estava negativamente associado ao IMC, circunferência da cintura e índice de massa gorda. Mulheres que haviam dado à luz nos últimos 5 anos e que haviam amamentado apresentaram IMC (β = -2,12, IC95%: -4,2; -0,1), circunferência da cintura (β = -4,46, IC95%: -8,3; -0,6) e índice de massa gorda (β = -1,79, IC95%: -3,3; -0,3) mais baixos. Nenhuma associação foi observada entre aquelas cujo último parto havia sido > 5 anos, mas o valor de p dos testes de interação foi > 0,05. Nossos resultados sugerem que o aleitamento materno está associado a valores mais baixos de IMC e de outras medidas de adiposidade, especialmente nos primeiros anos após o parto. Adicionalmente, o aleitamento não tem impacto negativo sobre a densidade mineral óssea.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la asociación entre lactancia materna, índice de masa corporal (IMC), perímetro de cintura, índice de grasa corporal, índice de masa libre de grasa, proporción de grasa en hombres/mujeres y densidad mineral ósea. En 1982, se visitaron diariamente hospitales maternales en Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, y se identificaron y examinaron todos los nacimientos vivos. A estos últimos se les realizó un seguimiento en varias ocasiones. Se entrevistó y examinó a madres con 30 años de edad. Las mujeres con hijos proporcionaron información en paridad y duración de la lactancia. Se usó una regresión múltiple lineal en el análisis multivariado, controlando la ascendencia genómica, los ingresos por hogar, la escolaridad y ser fumador en 2004-2005. Tras controlar los factores de confusión, la lactancia estuvo inversamente asociada con el IMC y el índice de grasa corporal, mientras que la lactancia en nacimientos vivos estuvo negativamente asociada con el IMC, el perímetro de cintura y el índice de masa corporal. Las mujeres que tuvieron un niño en los últimos 5 años, y habían amamantado alguna vez, tuvieron un menor IMC (β = -2,12, IC95%: -4,2; -0,1), perímetro de cintura (β = -4,46, IC95%: -8,3; -0,6) e índice de grasa corporal (β = -1,79, C95%: -3,3; -0,3), mientras que no se observó ninguna asociación entre quienes tuvieron el último parto en > 5 años, pero el valor de p para las pruebas de interacción fue > 0,05. Nuestros resultados plantean que la lactancia materna está asociada con el IMC y otras medidas de adiposidad, la mayor parte durante los primeros años tras el parto. Asimismo, no tuvo impacto negativo en la densidad mineral ósea.

Biocultural approach of the association between maturity and physical activity in youth / Abordagem biocultural da associação entre maturação e atividade física na juventude

Abstract Objective: To test the biocultural model through direct and indirect associations between biological maturation, adiposity, cardiorespiratory fitness, feelings of sadness, social relationships, and physical activity in adolescents. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted with 1,152 Brazilian adolescents aged between 10 and 17 years. Somatic maturation was estimated through Mirwald's method (peak height velocity). Physical activity was assessed through Baecke questionnaire (occupational, leisure, and sport contexts). Body mass index, body fat (sum of skinfolds), cardiorespiratory fitness (20-m shuttle run test), self-perceptions of social relationship, and frequency of sadness feelings were obtained for statistical modeling. Results: Somatic maturation is directly related to sport practice and leisure time physical activity only among girls (β = 0.12, p < 0.05 and β = 0.09, respectively, p < 0.05). Moreover, biological (adiposity and cardiorespiratory fitness), psychological (sadness), and social (satisfaction with social relationships) variables mediated the association between maturity and physical activity in boys and for occupational physical activity in girls. In general, models presented good fit coefficients. Conclusion: Biocultural model presents good fit and emotional/biological factors mediate part of the relationship between somatic maturation and physical activity.

Resumo Objetivo: Testar o modelo biocultural por meio de associações diretas e indiretas entre maturação biológica, adiposidade, capacidade cardiorrespiratória, sentimentos de tristeza, relacionamentos sociais e atividade física em adolescentes. Métodos: Este foi um estudo transversal feito com 1.152 adolescentes brasileiros entre 10 e 17 anos. A maturação somática foi estimada por meio do método de Mirwald (pico da velocidade de crescimento). A atividade física foi avaliada por meio do questionário de Baecke (contextos ocupacional, lazer e prática de esportes). Foram obtidos o índice de massa corporal, gordura corporal (soma de dobras cutâneas), capacidade cardiorrespiratória (teste shuttle run de 20 metros), autopercepções de relação social e frequência de sensação de tristeza para modelagem estatística. Resultados: A maturação somática mostrou-se diretamente relacionada à prática de esportes e à atividade física de lazer somente entre meninas (β = 0,12, p < 0,05 e β = 0,09, respectivamente, p < 0,05). Ademais, as variáveis biológicas (adiposidade e aptidão cardiorrespiratória), psicológica (tristeza) e social (satisfação com os relacionamentos sociais) mediaram a associação entre maturação e atividade física em meninos e para atividade física ocupacional em meninas. Em geral, os modelos apresentaram bons coeficientes de ajuste. Conclusão: O modelo biocultural apresenta bom ajuste e fatores emocionais/biológicos mediam parte da relação entre maturação somática e atividade física.

Exceso de peso y obesidad central y su relación con la duración de la lactancia materna exclusiva / Relation of excess weight and central obesity with the duration of exclusive maternal breastfeeding

Introducción: El abandono precoz de la lactancia materna exclusiva se asocia con el desarrollo prematuro de exceso de peso y adiposidad. Objetivo: Determinar la posible relación entre el exceso de peso y la obesidad central con la duración de la lactancia materna exclusiva. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo que incluyó 162 adolescentes, entre 10-18 años, atendidos en el Policlínico Universitario Carlos Manuel Portuondo, durante el 2016. De las historias clínicas se tomaron los datos de las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, duración de la lactancia materna exclusiva, estado nutricional, grado de obesidad y adiposidad. Resultados: La malnutrición por exceso y por defecto fueron significativamente mayor en pacientes con cinco o menos meses de lactancia materna exclusiva (51,84 por ciento vs 9,26 por ciento respectivamente). El grado de obesidad y la adiposidad se relacionaron con el tiempo de duración de la lactancia materna exclusiva (p= 0,0131 y p= 0,0010 respectivamente). Del total de pacientes con adiposidad, el 81,39 por ciento presentó abandono de la lactancia materna exclusiva antes de los cinco meses de edad. Conclusiones: La lactancia materna exclusiva protege al niño (adolescente) frente al exceso de peso y la adiposidad a corto y mediano plazo(AU)

Introduction: Early dropping out of exclusive maternal breastfeeding it is associated with the premature development of excess weight and adiposity. Objective: To determine the possible relation among excess weight and central obesity with the duration of exclusive maternal breastfeeding. Methods: Descriptive study that included 162 adolescents from 10 to 18 years who were attended in Carlos Manuel Portuondo University Policlinic during 2016. From clinic records were taken the data of the following variables: age, sex, duration of exclusive maternal breastfeeding, nutritional state, stage of obesity and adiposity. Results: Malnutrition by lack or excess was significantly higher in patients with 5 or less months of exclusive maternal breastfeeding (51.84 percent vs. 9.26 percent respectively). Stages of obesity and adiposity were related with the duration of exclusive maternal breastfeeding (p= 0.0131 and p= 0.0010 respectively). Of the total of patients with adiposity, 81.39 percent presented dropping out of exclusive maternal breastfeeding before the five months of life. Conclusions: Exclusive maternal breastfeeding with a proper duration protects children (and then adolescents) of excess weight and adiposity(AU)

Fatores associados e índice de adiposidade corporal (IAC) em adultos: estudo de base populacional / Factors associated with body adiposity index (BAI) in adults: population-based study

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar os fatores associados ao índice de adiposidade corporal. Um estudo transversal de base populacional foi conduzido com 964 adultos, de 20 e 59 anos, em Viçosa, MG, Brasil. Aplicou-se questionários domiciliares e medidas antropométricas para se obter os dados. A análise múltipla foi realizada por meio de regressão linear, ajustada pelo efeito do desenho amostral. A prevalência de excesso de adiposidade corporal foi 36,89 (IC 30,81-43,43), sendo mais elevada nos homens (48,18% - IC 39,09-57,34). Associou-se positivamente com o índice de adiposidade corporal o sexo feminino (p = 0,002), idade em anos (p < 0,001), aqueles que viveram com companheiro (p = 0,022) e com insatisfação com a imagem corporal (p < 0,001). A autoavaliação da saúde positiva (p = 0,048) esteve associada negativamente com o índice de adiposidade corporal. A prevalência de excesso de adiposidade corporal foi elevada, sendo o sexo, a faixa etária, o estado civil, a autoavaliação da saúde e a insatisfação com a imagem corporal fatores determinantes para o aumento da adiposidade corporal, nesta população, indicando um forte risco para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis decorrentes do excesso de adiposidade.

Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze factors associated with the body adiposity index. A population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted with 964 adults between 20 and 59 years of age, in Viçosa, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Household questionnaires and anthropometric measurements were applied to obtain data. Multiple analysis was performed using linear regression, adjusted for the sampling design effect. The prevalence of excess body adiposity was 36.89 (CI 30.81 to 43.43), being higher among men (48.18% - CI 39.09 to 57.34). Factors positively associated with body adiposity index were: female sex (p = 0.002); age in years (p < 0.001); those living with a partner (p = 0.022). Self-evaluation of positive health (p = 0.048) was negatively associated with the body adiposity index. The prevalence of excess body fat was high and the sex, age, marital status, health self-evaluation and dissatisfaction with body image were determinant factors to the increase in body adiposity in this population, indicating a marked risk for chronic diseases resulting from excess body fat.

Fenótipos corporais na adolescência e a maturação sexual / Body phenotypes in adolescence and sexual maturation / Fenotipos corporales en la adolescencia y madurez sexual

Nosso objetivo é descrever fenótipos corporais estimados por técnica multivariada para avaliação do estado nutricional na adolescência, durante o processo de maturação sexual. A amostra foi composta por 833 adolescentes escolares de 10 a 15 anos selecionados por amostragem complexa em Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil. Os fenótipos corporais foram definidos por análise de componentes principais (ACP) a partir de dados antropométricos (massa corporal, altura, dobras cutâneas e circunferência da cintura), de composição corporal (ângulo de fase medido por impedância bioelétrica), bioquímicos (triglicerídeos, glicose, razão colesterol total/LDL, hemoglobina) e de maturação sexual (autoclassificação dos estágios de pelos pubianos e mamas ou gônadas). Os fenótipos corporais foram: F1adiposidade, caracterizado pela associação positiva com as variáveis dobras cutâneas, massa corporal e circunferência da cintura; F2puberdade, caracterizado pela associação positiva com estágios de pelos pubianos, mama em meninas ou gônada em meninos, altura e idade; F3bioquímico, caracterizado pela associação positiva com colesterol, triglicerídeos e glicose; e F4muscular, caracterizado pela associação positiva com ângulo de fase, hemoglobina e negativa com glicose. Somente F1adiposidade apresenta associação forte com o índice de massa corporal, e há independência entre F1adiposidade e F2puberdade. Nossos resultados ressaltam a independência apresentada entre parâmetros bioquímicos, de antropometria, de composição corporal e de maturação sexual. A proposta de fenótipos corporais poderá embasar cálculo de escores da probabilidade de estar obeso a partir das variáveis antropométricas e superar a ambiguidade na utilização da massa corporal.

The study aims to describe body phenotypes estimated by multivariate technique for the assessment of nutritional status in adolescence during the process of sexual maturation. The sample consisted of 833 schoolchildren 10 to 15 years of age, selected by complex sampling in Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil. Body phenotypes were defined by principal components analysis (PCA) based on anthropometric data (body mass, height, skinfolds, and waist circumference), body composition (phase angle measurement by bioelectric impedance), biochemical parameters (triglycerides, glucose, total/LDL cholesterol ratio, hemoglobin), and sexual maturation (self-classification of stages of pubic hair and breasts or genitals). Body phenotypes were: P1adiposity, characterized by a positive association with the variables skinfolds, body mass, and waist circumference; P2puberty, characterized by positive association with stages of pubic hair and breasts in girls or genitals in boys, height, and age; P3biochemical, characterized by positive association with cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose; and P4muscular, characterized by positive association with phase angle and hemoglobin and negative association with glucose. Only P1adiposity showed a strong association with body mass index, and there was independence between P1adiposity and P2puberty. Our results highlight the independence between biochemical parameters, anthropometry, body composition, and sexual maturation. Body phenotypes can provide the basis for calculating scores on likelihood of obesity based on anthropometric variables and overcoming ambiguity with the use of body mass.

Nuestro objetivo es describir fenotipos corporales estimados por técnica multivariada para la evaluación del estado nutricional en la adolescencia, durante el proceso de madurez sexual. La muestra estaba compuesta por 833 adolescentes, escolares de 10 a 15 años, seleccionados por una muestra compleja en Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil. Los fenotipos corporales fueron definidos por un análisis de componentes principales (ACP), a partir de datos antropométricos (masa corporal, altura, pliegues cutáneos y circunferencia de la cintura), de composición corporal (ángulo de fase medido por impedancia bioeléctrica), bioquímicos (triglicéridos, glucosa, razón colesterol total/LDL, hemoglobina) y de madurez sexual (autoclasificación de las etapas de pelos púbicos y mamas o gónadas). Los fenotipos corporales fueron: F1adiposidad, caracterizado por la asociación positiva con las variables pliegues cutáneos, masa corporal y circunferencia de la cintura; F2pubertad, caracterizado por la asociación positiva con etapas de pelos púbicos, mama en niñas o gónadas en niños, altura y edad; F3bioquímico, caracterizado por la asociación positiva con colesterol, triglicéridos y glucosa; y F4muscular, caracterizado por la asociación positiva con ángulo de fase, hemoglobina y negativa con glucosa. Solamente F1adiposidad presenta una asociación fuerte con el índice de masa corporal, y existe independencia entre F1adiposidad y F2pubertad. Nuestros resultados resaltan la independencia presentada entre parámetros bioquímicos, de antropometría, de composición corporal y de madurez sexual. La propuesta de fenotipos corporales podrá servir de base para el cálculo de marcadores de probabilidad de estar obeso, a partir de las variables antropométricas, y superar así la ambigüedad en la utilización de la masa corporal.

Regulation of adiposity by mTORC1 / Controle da adiposidade por mTORC1

ABSTRACT Obesity is characterized by an excessive increase in the adipose tissue mass, and is associated with higher incidence of several chronic metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes. Therefore, its increasing prevalence is a public health concern, and it is important to better understand its etiology to develop new therapeutic strategies. Evidence accumulated over the years indicates that obesity is associated with a marked activation in adipose tissue of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a signaling pathway that controls lipid metabolism, and adipocyte formation and maintenance. Curiously, mTORC1 is also involved in the control of nonshivering thermogenesis and recruitment as well as browning of white adipose tissue. In this review, we explored mTORC1 functions in adipocytes and presented evidence, suggesting that mTORC1 may either increase or reduce adiposity, depending on the conditions and activation levels.

RESUMO A obesidade é caracterizada pelo aumento excessivo da massa de tecido adiposo, estando associada à maior incidência de diversas doenças metabólicas crônicas, como diabetes tipo 2. Sua crescente prevalência é uma questão de saúde pública, e faz-se importante compreender melhor sua etiologia, para desenvolver novas estratégias terapêuticas. As evidências acumuladas por muitos anos indicam que a obesidade está associada à significativa ativação no tecido adiposo do complexo 1 da proteína alvo mecanístico da rapamicina (mTORC1), uma via de sinalização que regula o metabolismo de lipídeos, bem como a formação e manutenção de adipócitos. Curiosamente, mTORC1 também está envolvido no controle da termogênese, independente do tremor muscular, e no recrutamento e browning de tecido adiposo branco. Nesta revisão, exploramos as diferentes funções do mTORC1 em adipócitos e apresentamos evidências que sugerem que o mTORC1 pode aumentar ou reduzir a adiposidade, dependendo das condições e de seu nível de ativação.

Efectos de la actividad física sobre la asociación entre obesidad y diabetes mellitus tipo 2: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2009-2010 / The association between adiposity and diabetes is modified by physical activity

Background Physical inactivity and obesity are major risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Aim To investigate whether if the association between obesity and diabetes is modified by levels of physical activity in the Chilean population. Material and Methods Cross-sectional study including 4,712 participants from the 2009-2010 National Health Survey. Diabetes was determined when participants referred having the disease or had a fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl. Physical activity level was assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. The association between diabetes, obesity and physical activity was determined using logistic regression analysis. Results Compare to active and normal weight subjects (reference group), the risk for T2D was higher in active individuals with overweight (Odds ratio (OR): 2.85 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.76- 4.61] p < 0.01). The risk among inactive but normal weight participants (OR: 2.12 [95% CI: 1.49- 3.01], p < 0.01) was of lower magnitude and was even higher among inactive and overweight individuals (OR: 3.22 [95% CI: 2.10 - 4.93], p < 0.01). Similar results were found for obesity and central obesity. Conclusions Individuals who are physically inactive and have a high adiposity level have an increased risk for T2D compared to active individuals with normal BMI.

Visceral adiposity index and triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio in hypogonadism

ABSTRACT Background Cardiometabolic risk is high in patients with hypogonadism. Visceral adiposity index (VAI) and triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio are the practical markers of atherosclerosis and insulin resistance and independent predictors of cardiaovascular risk. To date, no study has evaluated VAI levels and TG/HDL-C ratio in hypogonadism. Subjects and methods A total of 112 patients with congenital hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (CHH) (mean age, 21.7 ± 2.06 years) and 124 healthy subjects (mean age, 21.5 ± 1.27 years) were enrolled. The demographic parameters, VAI, TG/HDL-C ratio, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) levels were measured for all participants. Results The patients had higher total cholesterol (p = 0.04), waist circumference, triglycerides, insulin, and HOMA-IR levels (p = 0.001 for all) than the healthy subjects. VAI and ADMA and TG/HDL-C levels were also higher in patients than in healthy subjects (p < 0.001 for all). VAI was weakly correlated with ADMA (r = 0.27, p = 0.015), HOMA-IR (r = 0.22, p = 0.006), hs-CRP (r = 0.19, p = 0.04), and total testosterone (r = −0.21, p = 0.009) levels, whereas TG/HDL-C ratio was weakly correlated weakly with ADMA (r = 0.30, p = 0.003), HOMA-IR (r = 0.22, p = 0.006), and total testosterone (r = −0.16, p = 0.03) levels. Neither VAI nor TG/HDL-C ratio determined ADMA, HOMA-IR, and hs-CRP levels. Conclusions The results of this study demonstrate that patients with hypogonadism have elevated VAI and TG/HDL-C ratio. These values are significantly correlated with the surrogate markers of endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and insulin resistance. However, the predictive roles of VAI and TG/HDL-C ratio are not significant. Prospective follow-up studies are warranted to clarify the role of VAI and TG/HDL-C ratio in predicting cardiometabolic risk in patients with hypogonadism.

Relationship Between Neck Circumference and Epicardial Fat Thickness in a Healthy Male Population / Relação Entre Circunferência do Pescoço e Espessura da Gordura Epicárdica em Uma População de Homens Saudáveis

Abstract Background: Epicardial fat is an upper body visceral fat depot that may play a significant role in the development of adverse metabolic and cardiovascular risk profiles. There is a significant direct relationship between the amount of epicardial fat and general body adiposity (body mass index, BMI), but data regarding subcutaneous adiposity is limited. Objective: We conducted a study to determine the association between neck circumference and epicardial fat thickness in healthy young male individuals, and assess their individual correlations with general body adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors. Methods: One hundred consecutive male patients aged 18 years or older with no known major medical conditions were included in the study. All participants underwent detailed physical examination including measurement of blood pressure, weight, height, waist/hip ratio, and neck circumference. Blood was collected to determine fasting glucose and lipid parameters. A standard echocardiographic examination was performed with additional epicardial fat thickness determination. Results: Among 100 study participants, neck circumference correlated significantly with weight, waist circumference, BMI, blood glucose, serum total cholesterol, low-density (LDL)-cholesterol, and triglycerides levels. No significant correlation was found between neck circumference and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels. Neck circumference correlated moderately and positively with echocardiographic epicardial fat thickness. Conclusion: Among patients with low cardiometabolic risk, increased neck circumference was associated with increased epicardial fat thickness.

Resumo Fundamentos: A gordura epicárdica é um depósito de gordura visceral na parte superior do organismo que pode desempenhar um papel importante no desenvolvimento de perfis cardiovasculares e metabólicos adversos. Há uma relação direta significativa entre a quantidade de gordura epicárdica e a adiposidade corporal geral (índice de massa corporal, IMC), mas dados sobre a adiposidade subcutânea são limitados. Objetivos: Realizamos um estudo para determinar a associação entre a circunferência do pescoço e a espessura da gordura epicárdica em jovens saudáveis do sexo masculino, além de avaliar as suas correlações individuais com a adiposidade corporal geral e fatores de risco cardiometabólicos. Métodos: Cem pacientes consecutivos do sexo masculino com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos e sem nenhuma condição médica importante e conhecida foram incluídos no estudo. Todos os participantes foram submetidos a um exame físico detalhado que incluiu medida da pressão arterial, peso, altura, razão cintura/quadril e circunferência do pescoço. Sangue foi coletado para determinação da glicemia de jejum e parâmetros lipídicos. Um exame ecocardiográfico padrão foi realizado com determinação adicional da espessura da gordura epicárdica. Resultados: Entre os 100 participantes do estudo, a circunferência do pescoço mostrou correlação significativa com o peso, circunferência de cintura, IMC, glicemia e níveis séricos de colesterol total, lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL-colesterol) e triglicerídeos. Não foi observada correlação significativa entre a circunferência do pescoço e níveis de colesterol de alta densidade (HDL-colesterol). A circunferência do pescoço correlacionou moderadamente e positivamente com a espessura da gordura epicárdica à ecocardiografia. Conclusão: Entre pacientes com baixo risco cardiometabólico, o aumento da circunferência do pescoço foi associado a um aumento da espessura da gordura epicárdica.

Fat mass index performs best in monitoring management of obesity in prepubertal children / Índice de massa gorda apresenta melhor desempenho no monitoramento do tratamento da obesidade em crianças pré-púberes

Abstract Objective An early and accurate recognition of success in treating obesity may increase the compliance of obese children and their families to intervention programs. This observational, prospective study aimed to evaluate the ability and the time to detect a significant reduction of adiposity estimated by body mass index (BMI), percentage of fat mass (%FM), and fat mass index (FMI) during weight management in prepubertal obese children. Methods In a cohort of 60 prepubertal obese children aged 3–9 years included in an outpatient weight management program, BMI, %FM, and FMI were monitored monthly; the last two measurements were assessed using air displacement plethysmography. The outcome measures were the reduction of >5% of each indicator and the time to achieve it. Results The rate of detection of the outcome was 33.3% (95% CI: 25.9–41.6) using BMI, significantly lower (p < 0.001) than either 63.3% using %FM (95% CI: 50.6–74.8) or 70.0% (95% CI: 57.5–80.1) using FMI. The median time to detect the outcome was 71 days using FMI, shorter than 88 days using %FM, and similar to 70 days using BMI. The agreement between the outcome detected by FMI and by %FM was high (kappa 0.701), but very low between the success detected by BMI and either FMI (kappa 0.231) or %FM (kappa 0.125). Conclusions FMI achieved the best combination of ability and swiftness to identify reduction of adiposity during monitoring of weight management in prepubertal obese children.

Resumo Objetivo O reconhecimento precoce e preciso do sucesso no tratamento da obesidade pode aumentar a adesão de crianças obesas e suas famílias a programas de intervenção. Este estudo observacional prospectivo visa a avaliar a capacidade e o tempo de detecção de uma redução significativa na adiposidade estimada pelo índice de massa corporal (IMC) no percentual de massa gorda (% MG) e no índice de massa gorda (IMG) durante o controle de peso em crianças obesas pré-púberes. Métodos Em uma coorte de 60 crianças obesas pré-púberes entre três e nove anos, incluídas em um programa ambulatorial de controle de peso, o IMC, o % MG e o IMG foram monitorados mensalmente e as duas últimas medições avaliadas foram feitas com pletismografia por deslocamento de ar. As medições resultantes foram redução de > 5% de cada indicador e atingir o tempo para tanto. Resultados A taxa de detecção do resultado foi de 33,3% (IC de 95% 25,9-41,6) com o uso de IMC, significativamente menor (p < 0,001) do que 63,3% com % MG (IC de 95% 50,6-74,8) ou 70,0% (IC de 95% 57,5-80,1) com IMG. O tempo médio para detectar o resultado foi de 71 dias com o IMG, menos do que 88 dias com %MG e semelhante a 70 dias com o IMC. A concordância entre o resultado detectado pelo IMG e pelo % MG foi elevada (kappa 0,701), porém muito baixa entre o sucesso detectado pelo IMC e pelo IMG (kappa 0,231) ou %MG (kappa 0,125). Conclusões O IMG atingiu a melhor combinação de capacidade e precocidade para identificar redução na adiposidade durante o monitoramento do controle de peso em crianças obesas pré-púberes.

Classification of different degrees of adiposity in sedentary rats

In experimental studies, several parameters, such as body weight, body mass index, adiposity index, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, have commonly been used to demonstrate increased adiposity and investigate the mechanisms underlying obesity and sedentary lifestyles. However, these investigations have not classified the degree of adiposity nor defined adiposity categories for rats, such as normal, overweight, and obese. The aim of the study was to characterize the degree of adiposity in rats fed a high-fat diet using cluster analysis and to create adiposity intervals in an experimental model of obesity. Thirty-day-old male Wistar rats were fed a normal (n=41) or a high-fat (n=43) diet for 15 weeks. Obesity was defined based on the adiposity index; and the degree of adiposity was evaluated using cluster analysis. Cluster analysis allowed the rats to be classified into two groups (overweight and obese). The obese group displayed significantly higher total body fat and a higher adiposity index compared with those of the overweight group. No differences in systolic blood pressure or nonesterified fatty acid, glucose, total cholesterol, or triglyceride levels were observed between the obese and overweight groups. The adiposity index of the obese group was positively correlated with final body weight, total body fat, and leptin levels. Despite the classification of sedentary rats into overweight and obese groups, it was not possible to identify differences in the comorbidities between the two groups.